Contents
Preface IX
1 Microwave Synthesis – An Introduction 1
References 5
2 Microwave Theory 11
2.1 Microwave Radiation 11
2.2 Microwave Dielectric Heating 12
2.3 Dielectric Properties 15
2.4 Microwave versus Conventional Thermal Heating 19
2.5 Microwave Effects 20
2.5.1 Temperature Monitoring in Microwave Chemistry 22
2.5.2 Thermal Effects (Kinetics) 28
2.5.3 Specific Microwave Effects 31
2.5.4 Non-Thermal (Athermal) Microwave Effects 37
References 42
3 Equipment Review 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Domestic Microwave Ovens 46
3.3 Dedicated Microwave Reactors for Organic Synthesis 47
3.4 Single-Mode Instruments 51
3.4.1 Biotage AB 51
3.4.1.1 Initiator Platform 51
3.4.1.2 Emrys Platform (2000–2004) 54
3.4.1.3 Chemspeed SWAVE 55
3.4.2 CEM Corporation 56
3.4.2.1 Discover Platform 56
3.4.2.2 ExplorerPLS Systems 58
3.4.2.3 Voyager Systems 58
3.4.2.4 Peptide Synthesizers 59
Practical Microwave Synthesis for Organic Chemists: Strategies, Instruments, and Protocols
C. Oliver Kappe, Doris Dallinger, and S. Shaun Murphree
Copyright 2009 WILEY-VCH